@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002,
@c   2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Indentation, Text, Major Modes, Top
@chapter Indentation
@cindex indentation
@cindex tabs
@cindex columns (indentation)

  This chapter describes the Emacs commands that add, remove, or
adjust indentation.

@table @kbd
@item @key{TAB}
Indent the current line appropriately, in a mode-dependent fashion.
@item @kbd{C-j}
Perform @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}).
@item M-^
Merge the previous and the current line (@code{delete-indentation}).
This would cancel the effect of a preceding @kbd{C-j}.
@item C-M-o
Split the current line at point; text on the line after point becomes a
new line indented to the same column where point is located
(@code{split-line}).
@item M-m
Move (forward or back) to the first nonblank character on the current
line (@code{back-to-indentation}).
@item C-M-\
Indent lines in the region to the same column (@code{indent-region}).
@item C-x @key{TAB}
Shift lines in the region rigidly right or left (@code{indent-rigidly}).
@item M-i
Indent from point to the next prespecified tab stop column
(@code{tab-to-tab-stop}).
@item M-x indent-relative
Indent from point to under an indentation point in the previous line.
@end table

@noindent
The @key{TAB} key runs @code{indent-for-tab-command} in most major
modes (in C and related modes, @key{TAB} runs a separate command,
@code{c-indent-line-or-region}, which behaves similarly).  The major
mode determines just what this entails.

  In text modes, @key{TAB} inserts some combination of space and tab
characters to advance point to the next tab stop (@pxref{Tab Stops}).
If the region is active and spans multiple lines, it advances the
first character of each of those lines to the next tab stop
(@pxref{Using Region}).  For the purposes of this command, the
position of the first non-whitespace character on the preceding line
is treated as an additional tab stop.  Thus, you can use @key{TAB} to
``align'' point with the preceding line.

  In programming modes, @key{TAB} adds or removes some combination of
space and tab characters at the start of the line, in a way that makes
sense given the text in the preceding lines.  If the region is active
and spans multiple lines, all those lines are indented this way.  If
point was initially within the current line's indentation, it is
positioned after that indentation; otherwise, it remains at same point
in the newly-indented text.  @xref{Program Indent}.

@vindex tab-width
  Normally, indentation commands insert (or remove) an optimal mix of
@dfn{tab characters} and spaces to align to the desired column.  Tab
characters (@acronym{ASCII} code 9) are displayed as a stretch of
empty space extending to the next @dfn{display tab stop}.  By default,
there is one display tab stop every eight columns; the number of
columns is determined by the variable @code{tab-width}.  You can
insert a single tab character by typing @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}}.
@xref{Text Display}.

@findex edit-tab-stops
@findex tab-to-tab-stop
@kindex M-i
  The command @kbd{M-i} (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}) adjusts the
whitespace characters around point, inserting just enough whitespace
to advance point up to the next tab stop.  By default, this involves
deleting the existing whitespace and inserting a single tab character.

  @xref{Just Spaces}, for how to disable use of tabs.  However,
@kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} always inserts a tab, even when tabs are disabled
for the indentation commands.

@vindex tab-always-indent
  The variable @code{tab-always-indent} tweaks the behavior of the
@key{TAB} (@code{indent-for-tab-command}) command.  The default value,
@code{t}, gives the behavior described above.  If you change the value
to the symbol @code{complete}, then @key{TAB} first tries to indent
the current line, and if the line was already indented, it tries to
complete the text at point (@pxref{Symbol Completion}).  If the value
is @code{nil}, then @key{TAB} indents the current line only if point
is at the left margin or in the line's indentation; otherwise, it
inserts a real tab character.

@menu
* Indentation Commands::  Various commands and techniques for indentation.
* Tab Stops::             You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
                            indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
* Just Spaces::           You can request indentation using just spaces.
@end menu

@node Indentation Commands, Tab Stops, Indentation, Indentation
@section Indentation Commands and Techniques

@kindex M-m
@findex back-to-indentation
  To move over the indentation on a line, do @kbd{M-m}
(@code{back-to-indentation}).  This command, given anywhere on a line,
positions point at the first nonblank character on the line, if any,
or else at the end of the line.

  To insert an indented line before the current line, do @kbd{C-a C-o
@key{TAB}}.  To make an indented line after the current line, use
@kbd{C-e C-j}.

  If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, type
@kbd{C-q @key{TAB}}.

@kindex C-M-o
@findex split-line
  @kbd{C-M-o} (@code{split-line}) moves the text from point to the end of
the line vertically down, so that the current line becomes two lines.
@kbd{C-M-o} first moves point forward over any spaces and tabs.  Then it
inserts after point a newline and enough indentation to reach the same
column point is on.  Point remains before the inserted newline; in this
regard, @kbd{C-M-o} resembles @kbd{C-o}.

@kindex M-^
@findex delete-indentation
  To join two lines cleanly, use the @kbd{M-^}
(@code{delete-indentation}) command.  It deletes the indentation at
the front of the current line, and the line boundary as well,
replacing them with a single space.  As a special case (useful for
Lisp code) the single space is omitted if the characters to be joined
are consecutive open parentheses or closing parentheses, or if the
junction follows another newline.  To delete just the indentation of a
line, go to the beginning of the line and use @kbd{M-\}
(@code{delete-horizontal-space}), which deletes all spaces and tabs
around the cursor.

  If you have a fill prefix, @kbd{M-^} deletes the fill prefix if it
appears after the newline that is deleted.  @xref{Fill Prefix}.

@kindex C-M-\
@kindex C-x TAB
@findex indent-region
@findex indent-rigidly
  There are also commands for changing the indentation of several lines
at once.  They apply to all the lines that begin in the region.
@kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) indents each line in the ``usual''
way, as if you had typed @key{TAB} at the beginning of the line.  A
numeric argument specifies the column to indent to, and each line is
shifted left or right so that its first nonblank character appears in
that column.  @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} (@code{indent-rigidly}) moves all of
the lines in the region right by its argument (left, for negative
arguments).  The whole group of lines moves rigidly sideways, which is
how the command gets its name.

@cindex remove indentation
  To remove all indentation from all of the lines in the region,
invoke @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} with a large negative argument, such as
-1000.

@findex indent-relative
  @kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents at point based on the previous line
(actually, the last nonempty line).  It inserts whitespace at point, moving
point, until it is underneath the next indentation point in the previous line.
An indentation point is the end of a sequence of whitespace or the end of
the line.  If point is farther right than any indentation point in the
previous line, @code{indent-relative} runs @code{tab-to-tab-stop}
@ifnottex
(@pxref{Tab Stops}),
@end ifnottex
@iftex
(see next section),
@end iftex
unless it is called with a numeric argument, in which case it does
nothing.

  @xref{Format Indentation}, for another way of specifying the
indentation for part of your text.

@node Tab Stops, Just Spaces, Indentation Commands, Indentation
@section Tab Stops

@cindex tab stops
@cindex using tab stops in making tables
@cindex tables, indentation for
@kindex M-i
@findex tab-to-tab-stop
  For typing in tables, you can use @kbd{M-i} (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}).
This command inserts indentation before point, enough to reach the
next tab stop column.

@findex edit-tab-stops
@findex edit-tab-stops-note-changes
@kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Tab Stops)}
@vindex tab-stop-list
  You can change the tab stops used by @kbd{M-i} and other indentation
commands, so that they need not be spaced every eight characters, or
even regularly spaced.  The tab stops are stored in the variable
@code{tab-stop-list}, as a list of column numbers in increasing order.

  A convenient way to set the tab stops is with @kbd{M-x
edit-tab-stops}, which creates and selects a buffer containing a
description of the tab stop settings.  You can edit this buffer to
specify different tab stops, and then type @kbd{C-c C-c} to make those
new tab stops take effect.  The buffer uses Overwrite mode
(@pxref{Minor Modes}).  @code{edit-tab-stops} records which buffer was
current when you invoked it, and stores the tab stops back in that
buffer; normally all buffers share the same tab stops and changing
them in one buffer affects all, but if you happen to make
@code{tab-stop-list} local in one buffer then @code{edit-tab-stops} in
that buffer will edit the local settings.

  Here is what the text representing the tab stops looks like for ordinary
tab stops every eight columns.

@example
        :       :       :       :       :       :
0         1         2         3         4
0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
To install changes, type C-c C-c
@end example

  The first line contains a colon at each tab stop.  The remaining lines
are present just to help you see where the colons are and know what to do.

  Note that the tab stops that control @code{tab-to-tab-stop} have
nothing to do with how tab characters are displayed in the buffer.
Tab characters are always displayed as empty spaces extending to the
next display tab stop, which occurs every @code{tab-width} columns
regardless of the contents of @code{tab-stop-list}.  @xref{Text
Display}.

@node Just Spaces,, Tab Stops, Indentation
@section Tabs vs. Spaces

@vindex indent-tabs-mode
  Emacs normally uses both tabs and spaces to indent lines.  If you
prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only.  To request
this, set @code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil}.  This is a per-buffer
variable, so altering the variable affects only the current buffer,
but there is a default value which you can change as well.
@xref{Locals}.

  A tab is not always displayed in the same way.  By default, tabs are
eight columns wide, but some people like to customize their editors to
use a different tab width (e.g., by changing the variable
@code{tab-width} in Emacs).  By using spaces only, you can make sure
that your file looks the same regardless of the tab width setting.

@findex tabify
@findex untabify
  There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa, always
preserving the columns of all nonblank text.  @kbd{M-x tabify} scans the
region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at least two
spaces to tabs if that can be done without changing indentation.  @kbd{M-x
untabify} changes all tabs in the region to appropriate numbers of spaces.
